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1.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 50(1): e20190593, 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1055843

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT: Asian soybean rust is one of the most destructive diseases that can be found in this crop. It can be largely controlled by fungicide application. The objective was to assess the sensitivity of P. pachyrhizi isolates to fungicides. The tests were performed in a completely randomized design, with six replicates. The sensitivity of twelve isolates to site-specific and multisite fungicides at concentrations of 0.1; 1.0; 10.0, and 100.0 mg L-1, plus a control with absence of fungicide (0.0 mg L-1) was assessed. Soybean leaflets were immersed in the appropriate fungicide solutions, disposed in wet chambers in plastic boxes, and inoculated using each uredinia suspension of P. pachyhrizi (5.0 x 104 uredospores mL-1), separately. Boxes were incubated for 20 days at a temperature of 23°C and a 12-hour photoperiod. Next, the number of uredinia per cm2 on the abaxial face of each leaflet was evaluated. The active ingredients prothioconazole, trifloxystrobin, fluxapiroxade, trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole, trifloxystrobin + bixafen + prothioconazole, azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr, and azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr + diphenoconazole were highly fungitoxic for the majority of the isolates, with EC50 lower than 1.0 mg L-1. Diphenoconazole, azoxystrobin, and fenpropimorph were considered moderately fungitoxic for nine of the twelve isolates, with EC50 between 1 and 10 mg L-1. The multisites mancozeb and copper oxychloride presented EC50 responses classified as low toxic for the twelve isolates and eight for chlorothalonil (EC50 between 10 mg L-1 and 50 mg L-1). Site-specific fungicides showed high-to-moderate fungitoxicity to P. pachyrhizi isolates, even as the multisites presented moderate-to-less toxic activity.


RESUMO: A ferrugem-asiática da soja é uma das doenças mais destrutivas que ocorre na cultura. Seu controle é baseado, principalmente, na aplicação de fungicidas. O objetivo foi avaliar a sensibilidade de isolados de P. pachyrhizi a fungicidas. Os ensaios foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições. Por meio de teste de folíolos destacados de soja, foram avaliadas as sensibilidades de doze isolados do fungo a fungicidas sítio-específicos e multissítios, nas concentrações de 0,1; 1,0; 10,0 e 100,0 mg L-1, mais uma testemunha sem fungicida (0,0 mg L-1). Os folíolos de soja foram imersos nas devidas soluções fungicida, dispostos em câmaras úmidas em caixas gerbox e inoculados com as devidas suspensões de esporos de P. pachyhrizi (5,0x104 uredosporos mL-1). As caixas foram incubadas durante 20 dias, em temperatura de 23 oC e fotoperíodo de 12 h. Em seguida, avaliou-se o número de urédias cm-2 da face abaxial de cada folíolo. Os ingredientes ativos protioconazol, trifloxistrobina, fluxapiroxade, trifloxistrobina + protioconazol, trifloxistrobina + bixafem + protioconazol, azoxistrobina + benzovindiflupir e azoxistrobina + benzovindiflupir + difenoconazol foram altamente fungitóxicos para a maioria dos isolados, com CE50 menor do que 1,0 mg L-1. Difenoconazol, azoxistrobina e fenpropimorfe foram considerados medianamente fungitóxicos para nove dos doze isolados, com CE50 entre 1 e 10 mg L-1. Os multissítios mancozebe e oxicloreto de cobre apresentaram respostas de CE50 classificadas como pouco tóxicas para os doze isolados do fungo e o clorotalonil para oito deles (CE50 entre 10 e 50 mg L-1). Os fungicidas sítio-específico apresentaram alta a moderada fungitoxicidade aos isolados de P. pachyrhizi oriundos dos distintos locais, enquanto os multissítios apresentaram atividade moderada a pouco tóxica.

2.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 33(5): 1188-1196, sept./oct. 2017. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-966286

ABSTRACT

The aim was to study the effect of early application of two fungicide mixtures on the control of Asian rust and powdery mildew, as well as on grain yield in five soybean cultivars at two sowing dates. The experiment was carried in the experimental area of FAMV/UPF. The cultivars A 4910 RG (super-early), BMX Apolo RR, A 6001 RR and Fundacep 55 RR (early) and Coodetec 214 RR (moderate), established at 13/11/2007 and 3/12/2007 were used. Trifolia of these cultivars were treated twice with the fungicides ciproconazol + azoxystrobin (Priori Xtra®, 0.3 L ha-1 plus Nimbus® adjuvant 0.6 L ha- 1) and epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin (Opera®, 0.5 L ha-1), in three moments 1: pre-closure of the space between the lines and 21 days after; 2: pre-closure of space between rows and R5.1 stage (10% of beginning seed); and 3: R1 (beginning bloom) and R5.1 stages. The severity (% of affected leaf area) of powdery mildew and number of lesions cm2 of Asian rust were evaluated. After that plants were harvested, the thousand grain weight (g) and grain yield (kg ha-1) were quantified. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replicates, where the main plot were the five cultivars, and the subplots were the control treatment (untreated plants) and the six chemical control programs. Tukey and t-Student tests (p0.05) were used for separation of means of treatments and seasons, respectively. In general terms, foliar application of fungicides controlled both Asian rust and powdery mildew, as well as generated an increase on the thousand grain weight and grain yield. However, there seems to be an interaction among soybean genotypes and sowing date. Thus, our results allow us to infer that the chemical control of leaf diseases in the soybean crop depends of the cultivar and sowing date.


O objetivo foi estudar o efeito da aplicação antecipada de duas misturas de fungicidas no controle da ferrugem asiática e do oídio, bem como no rendimento de grãos em cinco cultivares de soja em duas épocas de semeadura. O experimento foi conduzido no campo experimental da FAMV/UPF. Utilizaram-se as cultivares A 4910 RG (super precoce), BMX Apolo RR, A 6001 RR e Fundacep 55 RR (precoces) e Coodetec 214 RR (moderado), estabelecidas em 13/11/2007 e 3/12/2007. Os fungicidas piraclostrobina + epoxiconazole e azoxistrobina + ciproconzole foram pulverizados duas vezes em 1: pré-fechamento do espaço entre as linhas e 21 dias após, 2: pré-fechamento do espaço entre as linhas e R5.1 (10% de granação), e 3: R1 (início da floração) e R5.1. Avaliaram-se a severidade (% da área foliar afetada) do oídio e o número de lesões cm2 da ferrugem asiática. Logo após as plantas foram colhidas, o peso de mil grãos (g) e rendimento de grãos (kg ha-1) foram quantificados. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de parcelas divididas com quatro repetições, onde a parcela principal foram as cinco cultivares, e as subparcelas foram o tratamento controle (plantas não tratadas) e os seis programas de controle químico. Para a separação das médias dos tratamentos e épocas, foram utilizados os testes de Tukey e t-Student (p0.05), respectivamente. De modo geral, a aplicação foliar de fungicidas controlou tanto a ferrugem asiática como o oídio, assim como também gerou um aumento do peso de mil grãos e rendimento de grãos. No entanto, parece existir uma interação entre os genótipos e data de semeadura. Assim, nossos resultados nos permitem inferir que o controle químico das doenças foliares na cultura da soja depende do cultivar e da data de semeadura.


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Triazoles , Phakopsora pachyrhizi , Strobilurins , Fungicides, Industrial
3.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 33(4): 933-943, july/aug. 2017.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-966255

ABSTRACT

Asian soybean rust (ASR), caused by the phytopathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & Sydow, is a worldwide distributed fungal disease responsible for causing damages in soybean crops [Glycine max (L.) Merril] of up to 90% of its productive potential. So far, due to limited availability of resistant varieties, fungicide application is the most widely used strategy for ASR control, although some populations of the pathogen have shown reduced sensitivity to certain active ingredients. Several methods have been described to measure the sensitivity of a fungus to a given fungicide, or even the fungitoxicity of a chemical. The most used tests are spore germination in wateragar medium and evaluation of disease severity in detached soybean leaves. Experiments were carried out with Brazilian populations of the pathogen: one from Uberlândia - MG and the other from Chapadão do Sul - MS, following the mentioned methodologies. The results showed the reduction of benzovindiflupyr efficiency in relation to spore germination and disease severity for the MS population, as also did fluxapyroxad, cyproconazole, and tebuconazole. Multisite fungicides (chlorothalonil, copper oxychloride, and mancozeb) may be used in the management of ASR resistance in the fields of Brazil associated with strobilurins, triazoles, and carboxamides. The efficiency of the main active ingredient tested depends on the formulation and others molecules used in the commercial product.


A ferrugem asiática da soja (FAS), causada pelo fitopatógeno Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sydow & Sydow, é uma doença fúngica distribuída mundialmente e responsável por causar danos na cultura da soja [Glycine max (L.) Merril], em até 90% do potencial produtivo. Até agora, devido à limitada disponibilidade de variedades resistentes, a aplicação de fungicida é a estratégia mais utilizada para controlar a FAS, embora algumas populações do patógeno tenham demonstrado menor sensibilidade a determinados ingredientes ativos. Vários métodos foram descritos para medir a sensibilidade de um fungo a um dado fungicida, ou para monitorar sua redução ou perda de eficácia, ou mesmo a fungitoxicidade de um produto químico. Os testes mais utilizados são a germinação de esporos in vitro e a severidade da doença (%) em folhas de soja destacadas. Baseando-se nessas metodologias, foram realizados ensaios com populações do patógeno oriundas de Uberlândia - MG e do Chapadão do Sul - MS. Os resultados mostraram a redução da eficiência de benzovindiflupyr em relação à germinação e à severidade de doença para a população de Chapadão do Sul - MS. O mesmo comportamento foi obtido para os ingredientes ativos fluxapyroxad, cyproconazole e tebuconazole. Os fungicidas multissítios (clorotalonil, oxicloreto de cobre e mancozeb) podem ser utilizados no manejo da resistência à FAS nas lavouras do Brasil associados às estrobilurinas, triazóis e carboxamidas. A eficiência do principal ingrediente ativo estudado depende dos outros ingredientes ativos ou fungicidas associados na formulação comercial.


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Biological Assay , Phakopsora pachyrhizi , Fungicides, Industrial
4.
Arq. Inst. Biol ; 83: e0792014, 2016. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1006519

ABSTRACT

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a dinâmica do controle químico de Phakopsora pachyrhizi em plantas de soja submetidas a diferentes regimes hídricos. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental do Instituto Phytus, no município de Itaara, região central do Rio Grande do Sul, na safra 2012/2013. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em arranjo fatorial (2x6). O fator A foi composto por dois regimes hídricos: 1) déficit hídrico (50-60% da capacidade de campo); 2) sem déficit hídrico (90-100% da capacidade de campo). O fator B consistiu em quatro intervalos de tempo entre a aplicação de fungicidas e a simulação de chuva (0, 30, 60 e 120 min), uma testemunha com aplicação sem chuva e mais uma testemunha sem aplicação de fungicida. Na aplicação foram utilizados os ingredientes ativos trifloxistrobina + protioconazol (60,0 + 70,0 g i.a.ha-1) com adição de Aureo(r) na dose de 0,375 L.p.c ha-1. Os parâmetros avaliados foram o tempo decorrido entre a aplicação e o surgimento da primeira pústula de ferrugem asiática, a severidade da doença, a produtividade e a massa de grãos. Verificou-se que a aplicação de fungicida em plantas sob déficit hídrico proporciona o maior número de dias para o aparecimento da primeira pústula. A simulação de chuva tem grande efeito na remoção de fungicidas independentemente do regime hídrico. O controle de P. pachyrhizi em plantas sob déficit hídrico foi eficaz, resultando em incrementos de produtividade.(AU)


The objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of chemical control of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in soybean plants subjected to different water regimes. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of Phytus Institute, in Itaara city, central region of Rio Grande do Sul, in 2012/2013 harvest. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications in a factorial arrangement (2x6). The first factor was composed of two water regimes: 1) water deficit (50-60% of field capacity); 2) no water deficit (90-100% of field capacity). The B factor was four time intervals between fungicide application and rainfall simulation (0, 30, 60 and 120 min), a witness to application without rain and a control without fungicide application. In application the active ingredients trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole (60.0 + 70.0 g i.a.ha-1) with the addition of Aureo(r) at a dose of 0.375 Lpc ha-1 were used. The parameters evaluated were the number of days until the first pustule preview of Asian rust, disease severity, yield and grain yield. It was found that the fungicide application in plants under water deficit provides the greatest number of days until the first pustule preview. A rainfall simulation has great effect in removing fungicides no matter the water regime. The control of P. pachyrhizi in plants under water deficit was effective, resulting in increased productivity.(AU)


Subject(s)
Rain , Soybeans , Pest Control , Phakopsora pachyrhizi , Fungicides, Industrial
5.
Electron. j. biotechnol ; 18(6): 439-444, Nov. 2015. ilus, graf, mapas
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-772288

ABSTRACT

Background Asian soybean rust (SBR) caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & Syd., is one of the main diseases affecting soybean and has been reported as one of the most economically important fungal pathogens worldwide. Knowledge of the genetic diversity of this fungus should be considered when developing resistance breeding strategies. We aimed to analyze the genetic diversity of P. pachyrhizi combining simple sampling with a powerful and reproducible molecular technique. Results We employed Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) technique for the amplification of P. pachyrhizi DNA extracted from naturally SBR-infected plants from 23 production fields. From a total of 1919 markers obtained, 77% were polymorphic. The high percentage of polymorphism and the Nei's genetic diversity coefficient (0.22) indicated high pathogen diversity. Analysis of molecular variance showed higher genetic variation within countries than among them. Temporal analysis showed a higher genetic variation within a year than between years. Cluster, phylogenetic and principal co-ordinate analysis showed that samples group by year of collection and then by country sampled. Conclusions The study proposed combining a simple collection of urediniospore with a subsequent analysis by AFLP was useful to examine the molecular polymorphism of samples of P. pachyrhizi collected and might have a significant contribution to the knowledge of its genetic diversity. Also, AFLP analysis is an important and potent molecular tool for the study of genetic diversity and could be useful to carry out wider genetic diversity studies.


Subject(s)
Plant Diseases , Genetic Variation , Genetic Markers , Phakopsora pachyrhizi/genetics , Soybeans , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis
6.
Arq. Inst. Biol ; 82: 1-6, 2015. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1026204

ABSTRACT

No Brasil, Phakopsora pachyrhizi e Puccinia kuehnii são importantes patógenos das culturas da soja e cana-de-açúcar, respectivamente. Avaliou-se a germinação in vitro de uredinosporos de P. pachyrhizi e P. kuehnii sob diferentes adjuvantes comumente utilizados em caldas fungicidas. Foram utilizadas placas de Petri com 80 mm de diâmetro, contendo 10 mL de solução ágar-água (1,7%). Adicionou-se em cada placa 1 mL de suspensão de esporos, na concentração de 5x105 esporos mL-1, e 1 mL de solução de adjuvantes, no dobro da concentração da dose recomendada pelos fabricantes. Os adjuvantes testados foram Assist(r), Veget Oil(r), Natur Oil(r), Break Thru(r), Aureo(r), Silwet(r) e Nimbus(r); em adição, o tratamento Testemunha constou apenas da exposição dos uredinosporos em água destilada esterilizada. A partir de uma hora de exposição, todos os adjuvantes reduziram a germinação de uredinosporos de P. pachyrhizi . Uredinosporos do agente causal da ferrugem asiática da soja expostos aos adjuvantes Assist(r), Break Thru(r), Aureo(r) e Nimbus(r) tiveram menor germinação a partir de duas horas de exposição. A inibição da germinação dos uredinosporos de P. kuehnii pelos adjuvantes em relação ao tratamento Testemunha aconteceu a partir de 4 horas de exposição. Às 8 horas, uredinosporos de ferrugem alaranjada da cana-de-açúcar que foram expostos aos adjuvantes Veget Oil(r) e Break Thru(r) apresentaram redução na germinação de 96,6 e 94,8%, respectivamente, quando comparados com o tratamento Testemunha.(AU)


In Brazil Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Puccinia kuehnii are important pathogens of soybeans and sugar cane, respectively. In vitro experiments were carried out in order to evaluate P. pachyrhizi and P. kuehnii urediniospore germination under different adjuvants used in fungicide sprays to control rust diseases. Petri dishes (80 mm diameter) containing 10 mL of agar-water (1.7%) were used. In each plate 1 mL of a spore suspension with 5x105 urediniospores and 1 mL solution of adjuvants with twice the concentratation for field sprays was added. Assist(r), Veget Oil(r), Natur Oil(r), Break Thru(r)Aureo(r), Silwet(r) and Nimbus(r) were evaluated. There was a control check treatment with water. P. pachyrhizi urediniospore germination was negatively affected by all adjuvants after 2 hours of exposition. Urediniospores of the Asian soybean rust exposed to Assist(r), Break Thru(r), Aureo(r) and Nimbus(r) had lower germination rates. Germination of P. kuehnii urediniospores was lower in all adjuvant treatments after 4 hours of exposition. At 8 hours of Veget Oil(r) and Break Thru(r) exposure urediniospores of the orange rust pathogen had 96.6 and 94.8% reduction in germination compared to control check treatment.(AU)


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Saccharum , Phakopsora pachyrhizi , Fungicides, Industrial , Noxae
7.
Arq. Inst. Biol ; 81(4): 351-359, Oct.-Dec. 2014. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1015895

ABSTRACT

O objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a eficiência do uso do kitQuickStix™ para a identificação de esporos de Phakopsora pachyrhizi, agente causal da ferrugem asiática da soja, coletados por meio de um coletor SIGA. O kit QuickStix é capaz de detectar a presença de Phakopsora pachyrhizi nos estágios iniciais da infecção foliar, determinando a presença ou ausência do patógeno na amostra. Ele captura propágulos de fungos presentes no ar, que são identificados ou quantificados por varredura de lâminas em microscópio óptico comum. Foram testados diferentes números de esporos com 4, 8 e 12 gotas da solução extratora. Para os resultados positivos, foram avaliados a intensidade da linha de teste e o tempo para sua ocorrência. O kit foi capaz de detectar pequenas quantidades de esporos, sendo que a proporção de resultados positivos foi diretamente proporcional ao número de esporos e inversamente proporcional ao total de gotas. A porção adequada de gotas da solução extratora foi de quatro, pois apresentou mais resultados positivos para todas as classes dos números de esporos. Não foi possível observar uma diferença entre o tempo para a ocorrência dos resultados positivos aos diferentes tratamentos. A intensidade da linha de teste foi superior para as classes com mais esporos.(AU)


The aim of this study was to test the efficiency of QuickStix™ kit use for identification of Phakopsora pachyrhizi spores, which are the causal agents of Asian soybean rust, collected by "SIGA" spores collector. This kit is capable of detecting the presence of Phakopsora pachyrhizi in the early stages of leaf infection by determining the presence or absence of pathogen in the sample. It captures propagules of fungi present in the air that are identified or quantified by scanning blades in ordinary optical microscope. Different numbers of spores were tested with 4, 8 and 12 drops of extraction solution. For positive results, intensity of the test line and time for its occurrence were evaluated. The kit was able to detect small amounts of spores and the proportion of positive results was directly proportional to the number of spores and inversely proportional to the amount of drops. The proper portion of drops of extraction solution was four, as it showed more positive results for all classes of numbers of spores. No difference was found between the time to occurrence of positive results for the different treatments. The intensity of the test line was higher for classes with larger numbers of spores.(AU)


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Phakopsora pachyrhizi , Spores, Bacterial , Mycoses
8.
Arq. Inst. Biol ; 81(2): 159-164, abr.-jun. 2014. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1005013

ABSTRACT

Para estabelecer o momento adequado da aplicação de fungicidas no manejo da ferrugem asiática da soja (FAS), avaliou-se a época da pulverização dos fungicidas epoxiconazole e piraclostrobina (FEP) com base na detecção de uredósporos de Phakopsora pachyrhizi (PP) em condições de campo na área experimental da Faculdade Integrado de Campo Mourão, no Paraná, na safra verão de 2009/2010. O delineamento experimental foi realizado em blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos e quatro repetições, sendo: 1) aplicação do FEP com umidade acima de 80%; 2-5) aplicação do FEP 1-2, 6-7, 11-12 e 18-20 dias após a detecção dos primeiros esporos de PP, respectivamente; 6) aplicação do FEP após a detecção dos primeiros sintomas da FAS; 7) aplicação do FEP no estádio R1. A testemunha foi composta por plantas não tratadas com FEP. Houve redução da severidade da FAS em todos os tratamentos. Os valores da área abaixo da curva de progresso da FAS (AACPFA), taxa de progresso da doença (r) e severidade máxima (Y max ) na testemunha foram de 520,31; 0,06 e 45,65%, respectivamente. Foram detectados os menores valores de AACPFA (39,73), r (0,02) e Y max (3,91%) no tratamento 1. No entanto, o maior número de pulverizações do FEP foi realizado neste tratamento, com quatro aplicações. No tratamento 4, houve duas aplicações. Registrou-se a menor produtividade na testemunha (2085 kg. ha-1). A maior produtividade foi obtida nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 e 7, acima de 3000 kg ha-1. Além disso, registrou-se o menor valor da massa de mil grãos na testemunha. Os maiores valores foram obtidos nos tratamentos 1, 2, 3 e 6. Portanto, a época de aplicação de fungicida baseada na detecção de uredósporos de PP é eficiente no manejo da FAS.(AU)


In order to establish the adequate timing of fungicide application in the management of Asian soybean rust (ASR), the spraying of epoxiconazol and pyraclostrobin fungicide (EPF) was evaluated based on the detection of Phakopsora pachyrhizi (PP) uredospores in field conditions at the research farm of Faculdade Integrado de Campo Mourão, in the state of Paraná, in the crop season of 2009/2010. The experimental design was performed in randomized complete blocks with four replications composed by: 1) EPF application with humidity higher than 80%; 2-5) EPF application 1-2, 6-7, 11-12, and 18-20 days after the first detection of PP spores, respectively; 6) EPF application after the first detection of ASR symptoms; 7) EPF application in the R1 stage. Control was constituted by plants not treated with EPF. There was reduced ASR severity in all treatments. The values of the area under ASR progress curve (AUASRPC), rate of disease progress (r), and maximum severity (Y max ) in control were 520.31, 0.06, and 45.65%, respectively. The lowest values of AUASRPC (39.73), r (0.02), and Y max (3.91%) were found in treatment 1. Nevertheless, the higher number of EPF spraying was carried out in this treatment with four applications. On the other hand, there were two applications in treatment 4. The lowest yield was recorded in control (2085 kg. ha-1). The highest yield was obtained in treatments 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7, being higher than 3000 kg/ha. Furthermore, the lowest value of the thousand grain weight was estimated in control. The highest values were estimated in treatments 1, 2, 3, and 6. Therefore, the timing of fungicide application based on the detection of PP uredospores is efficient in the ASR management.(AU)


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Phakopsora pachyrhizi/virology , Pest Control , Fungicides, Industrial
9.
Rev. bras. plantas med ; 15(3): 325-331, 2013. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-684147

ABSTRACT

Métodos alternativos para o controle de doenças e pragas de plantas vêm sendo pesquisados buscando causar menores danos ao ambiente e a saúde humana. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi identificar extratos de plantas e óleos essenciais com possíveis efeitos sobre Phakopsora pachyrhizi, agente etiológico da ferrugem-asiática da soja. Assim, 61 extratos de plantas da flora nativa da região do Alto Rio Grande, Minas Gerais e cinco óleos essenciais obtidos comercialmente foram utilizados com a finalidade de testar os efeitos na germinação de urediniósporos do referido fungo. Foram utilizadas placas de Petri de 6 cm, com meio ágar-água, adicionado com 150 µL de extrato de planta ou 6 µL do óleo essencial misturado ao meio de cultura. Como testemunhas foram utilizadas 150 µL de Tween 20 a 0,7% e 150 µL de água destilada. Após, foram adicionados 50µL de uma suspensão de urediniósporos, na concentração de 2mg.5mL-1 e espalhados com alça de Drigalsky. As placas foram colocadas em BOD, a 23(±2ºC), por 4 horas. A germinação foi paralisada com adição de lactoglicerol. A avaliação da percentagem de esporos germinados foi realizada em microscópio de luz. Dentre os extratos vegetais testados, dez apresentaram percentual de germinação abaixo de 15%, tendo os extratos obtidos das plantas Pelargonium sp., Salvia officinalis, Lavandula officinalis, Mentha pulegium e M. arvensis apresentado germinação de esporos de 3,0%, 3,5%, 3,0%, 2,0% e 4,0%, respectivamente. Todos os óleos essenciais avaliados foram efetivos na inibição da germinação, com destaque para o óleo essencial de Caryophilus aromaticus, que apresentou percentagem de germinação de 5%, resultando num percentual de inibição de 50,0%.


Alternative methods to control plant diseases and plagues have been studied, in order to cause less damages to the environment and human health. The purpose of this study was to identify plant extracts and essential oils as possible alternative products that affect the urediniospore germination of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of the Asian soybean rust. Plant extracts (61) from the native flora of the Alto Rio Grande region, State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, as well as five commercial essential oils were used with the purpose of testing their effects on the germination of urediniospores of the referred fungus. 6cm Petri dishes were used, with water-agar medium, added with 150 µL of plant extract or 6 µL of essential oil mixed to the culture medium. As control, 150 µL of Tween 20 at 0.7% and 150 µL of distilled water were used. Then, 50 µL of a suspension of urediniospores were added, at a concentration of 2mg5mL-1 and spread with Drigalsky spatula. Then, the plates were put in BOD, at 23(±2ºC), for 4 hours. Germination was paralyzed by adding lactoglicerol. The percentage of spore germination was evaluated in a light microscope. Among the vegetal extracts tested, ten of them presented a germination percentage below 15%. The extracts from the Pelargonium sp., Salvia officinalis, Lavandula officinalis, Mentha pulegium and M. arvensis plants presented 3.0%, 3.5%, 3.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% of urediniospore germination, respectively. All the essential oils evaluated were effective in inhibiting germination, especially the Caryophilus aromaticus essential oil that presented 5.0% of germination, with 50.0% of inhibition.


Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile/analysis , Plant Extracts/analysis , Phakopsora pachyrhizi/isolation & purification , Germination
10.
Biosci. j. (Online) ; 28(4): 604-612, july/aug. 2012. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-913069

ABSTRACT

A ferrugem asiática da soja, tem se apresentado como a principal doença da cultura. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a viabilidade de urediniósporos do agente causal da ferrugem asiática da soja (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Sidow)na ausência do hospedeiro principal.Para a coleta do inóculo raspou-se a face abaxial de folhas de soja com a presença de pústulas do fungo, utilizando-se pincel de pêlo de camelo e papel vegetal. O inóculo foi armazenado em sala de incubação a 20 ± 20C, no escuro, durante a condução do experimento. Para a realização dos experimentos, 4,0 mg de inóculo foram colocadas em suspensão com 1000 mL de água destilada e 0,5% de tween 20, calibrando-se, em câmara de Newbauer para 3,2 x 104 urediniósporos/mL. Realizaram-se os seguintes experimentos: germinação em água; germinaçãoemágar-água 2%; e infectividade emcasa de vegetação. Após análise dos resultados verificou-se que os urediniósporos do patógenomantiveram a viabilidade durante 11 semanas de armazenamento. A capacidade de germinação dos urediniósporos e a severidade da doença foram reduzidas após 3 semanas de armazenamento. Os urediniósporos armazenados a 20 ± 2oC, por até 11 semanas, foram capazes de causar doença em plantas de soja.


Asian soybean rust has been one of the main foliar diseases of soybean. This study evaluated the viability of Phakopsora pachyrhizi, in the absence of its main host. For the collection of the initial inoculum, the abaxial face of soybean leaveswere scraped, using a camel hair brush over vegetable paper. The inoculum was stored in incubation room at 20 ± 2º C, in the dark. For the experiments, 4.0 mg of inoculum were suspendedin 1000 ml of distilled water and 0.5% of Tween 20, calibrating in chamber of Neubauer chamber to 3.2 x 104 urediniosporesmL-1. The following experiments were done: germination in water; germination in agar-water 2%; and infectivity in a greenhouse. The results showed that urediniospores of the pathogenremained viableduring the 11 weeks storage, the germination of the urediniosporesand the severity of Asian soybean rust were reduced after 3 weeks of storage and the urediniospores stored at 20 ± 2ºC for up to 11 weeks were able to cause disease in soybean plants.


Subject(s)
Soybeans , Virulence , Germination , Phakopsora pachyrhizi , Fungi
11.
Genet. mol. biol ; 33(2): 354-358, 2010. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-548812

ABSTRACT

β-tubulins are structural components of microtubules and the targets of benzimidazole fungicides used to control many diseases of agricultural importance. Intron polymorphisms in the intron-rich genes of these proteins have been used in phylogeographic investigations of phytopathogenic fungi. In this work, we sequenced 2764 nucleotides of the β-tubulin gene (Pp tubB) in samples of Phakopsora pachyrhizi collected from seven soybean fields in Brazil. Pp tubB contained an open reading frame of 1341 nucleotides, including nine exons and eight introns. Exon length varied from 14 to 880 nucleotides, whereas intron length varied from 76 to 102 nucleotides. The presence of only four polymorphic sites limited the usefulness of Pp tubB for phylogeographic studies in P. pachyrhizi. The gene structures of Pp tubB and orthologous β-tubulin genes of Melampsora lini and Uromyces viciae-fabae were highly conserved. The amino acid substitutions in β-tubulin proteins associated with the onset of benzimidazole resistance in model organisms, especially at His6, Glu198 and Phe200, were absent from the predicted sequence of the P. pachyrhizi β-tubulin protein.

12.
Genet. mol. biol ; 31(4): 920-931, Sept.-Dec. 2008. ilus, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-501467

ABSTRACT

Phakopsora pachyrhizi has dispersed globally and brought severe economic losses to soybean growers. The fungus has been established in Brazil since 2002 and is found nationwide. To gather information on the temporal and spatial patterns of genetic variation in P. pachyrhizi, we sequenced the nuclear internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS1 and ITS2). Total genomic DNA was extracted using either lyophilized urediniospores or lesions removed from infected leaves sampled from 26 soybean fields in Brazil and one field in South Africa. Cloning prior to sequencing was necessary because direct sequencing of PCR amplicons gave partially unreadable electrophoretograms with peak displacements suggestive of multiple sequences with length polymorphism. Sequences were determined from four clones per field. ITS sequences from African or Asian isolates available from the GenBank were included in the analyses. Independent sequence alignments of the ITS1 and ITS2 datasets identified 27 and 19 ribotypes, respectively. Molecular phylogeographic analyses revealed that ribotypes of widespread distribution in Brazil displayed characteristics of ancestrality and were shared with Africa and Asia, while ribotypes of rare occurrence in Brazil were indigenous. The results suggest P. pachyrhizi found in Brazil as originating from multiple, independent long-distance dispersal events.


Subject(s)
DNA, Ribosomal , Soybeans/genetics , Genetic Variation , Base Sequence , Brazil , Soybeans/microbiology , Polymerase Chain Reaction
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